Black Panther Party A New Political Organization

Black Panther Party In the fall of 1966, a new political organization, based out of Oakland, California came into view and started to gain acceleration. Seeking a new alternative to King’s non-violence and civil disobedience stance, the Black Panther Party was created. The party was known as the largest Black revolutionary organization created in history. Its founders Huey P. Newton, an African-American political activist and Bobby Seale (a political activist as well). While attending the University of San Francisco School of Law, here is where Huey met Bobby Seale. The two were â€Å"involved with political groups at the school before they set out to create one of their own†. Along with Newton and seale the other original members of Panthers†¦show more content†¦We felt we had been pushed back long enough and that it was time for Negroes to come out and take over. After seeing a pamphlet with the organization s mascot, Huey was inspired by the imagery and the meaning being the p anther, he would soon adopt the animal as a symbol for his later organization we know today as the Black Panther Party. The Black Panthers founders created the party in hopes fixing social injustices that many African Americans faced during the 1960s. Because of the frequent marches and protests the sixties were known as the time of Social Revolution. Black Power was a widely repeated phrase during that time as a result of the many organizations that were created during this time to help aid African americans in their battle to gain economic and social equality. Members of the association would frequently go to where arrests were taking place and watch for any signs of abuse. The Panthers created several community programs such as â€Å"free breakfast for children, to free health clinics, to rent strikes resulting in tenant ownership of their buildings, to Liberation School for grade-schoolers, to free clothing drives, to campaigns for community control of schools, community control of police, and campaigns to stop drugs, crime, and police murder and brutality in the various Black colonies

Explaining Cam And Its Followers Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(183) " During the autumn part of the Cam motion the follower must be maintained in contact with the Cam either by the mass of the follower and its mechanism or, more normally, by a spring\." BASIC DEFINITION OF CAM â€Å" A Cam is a mechanical constituent of a machine that is used to convey gesture to another constituent, called the follower, through a prescribed gesture plan by direct contact. † Introduction TO CAM AND FOLLOWERS A Cam follower, besides known as a path follower, [ 1 ] is a specialised type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow Cams. Cam followings come in a huge array of different constellations, nevertheless the most defining feature is how the Cam follower saddle horses to its copulating portion ; stud manner Cam followings use a he-man while the yoke manner has a hole through the center. We will write a custom essay sample on Explaining Cam And Its Followers Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now [ 2 ] The first Cam follower was invented and patented in 1937 by Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manufacturing Company. [ 3 ] It replaced utilizing merely a standard bearing and bolt. The new Cam followings were easier to utilize because the he-man was already included and they could besides manage higher tonss. [ / CAM AND MECHANISMS A Cam mechanism consists of three elements: the Cam, the follower ( or follower system ) , and the frame. The follower is in direct contact with the Cam. The Cam may be of assorted forms. The follower system includes all of the elements to which gesture is imparted by the Cam. This may be connected straight to the follower, or connected through linkages and pitching. The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the Cam and for the follower. A CAM changes the input gesture, which is normally rotary gesture ( a revolving gesture ) , to a reciprocating gesture of the follower. They are found in many machines and playthings WHAT IS THE CONCEPT BEHIND CAM? A CAM is a revolving machine component which gives reciprocating or hovering gesture to another component known as follower. The Cam and follower has a point or line contact represent a higher brace or you can state that it is the mechanicl constituent of a machine that is used to convey the gesture to the another constituent of the machine called the follower, through a prescribed plan by direct contact.The contact between them is maintained by an external force which is by and large provided by the spring or sometimes by the weight of the follower itself, when it is sufficient. Cam is the driver member and the follower is the goaded member. The follower is in direct contact with the Cam. CAM MECHANISM CONSIST OF THREE MECHANISMS Cam: It may be of many forms Follower: It includes all the elements to which gesture is imparted by the cam.This may be connected straight by the cam.This may be connected straight to the follower, or connected through linkages and geartrain. Frame: The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the Cam and for the follower. APPLICATIONS OF CAM AND FOLLOWERS Cam and follower are widely used for runing recess and exhaust valve of I C engine. These are used in wall clock. These are used in provender mechanism of automatic lathe Machine. These are used in paper film editing machine. Used in weaving fabric machineries. The Cam mechanism is a various 1. It can be designed to bring forth about limitless types of gesticulating the follower. It is used to transform a rotary gesture into a translating or hovering gesture. On certain occasions, it is besides used to transform one translating or hovering gesture into a different translating or hovering gesture. River cams are used in a broad assortment of automatic machines and instruments. The certain usuages of Cam and followings that includes fabric machineries, computing machines, publishing imperativenesss, nutrient processing machines, internal burning engines, and countless other automatic machines, control systems and devices. The Cam mechanism is so a really of import constituent in modern mechanisation. Categorization OF CAMS Based on the physical form Disk or home base Cams Working of the phonograph record Cam with reciprocating follower. Working of the phonograph record Cam with hovering follower. Cylindrical Cam Translating Cam Categorization OF FOLLOWES ( I ) Based on surface in contact ( a ) Knife border follower ( B ) Roller follower ( degree Celsius ) Flat faced follower ( vitamin D ) Spherical follower ( two ) Based on type of gesture Hovering followe Translating follower ( three ) Based on line of action Radial ( in line ) follower ( B ) Off-set follower River cams can be handily classified into two chief groups Group a: River cams that impart gesture to the follower in a plane in line with the axis of rotary motion of the Cam ( as does a cylindrical Cam ) . Group B: River cams that impart gesture to the follower in a plane at 90 grades to the axis of rotary motion, as with face or border cams.Most cams autumn into this class. TYPES OF CAMS Bizarre Cam: A round Cam is frequently called an bizarre Cam because the axis of rotary motion of the Cam is offset from the geometric centre of the round phonograph record. Concentric phonograph record: A homocentric phonograph record attached to a rotating shaft would hold its axis of rotary motion co-occuring with its geometric centre. PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMS: Pear-shaped Cam: These type Cams are frequently used for commanding valves. For illustration, they are used on motor auto camshafts to run the engine valves. A follower controlled by a pear-shaped Cam remains inactive for about half a revolution of the Cam. During the clip that the follower is stationary, the Cam is in a dwell period. During the other half revolution of the Cam, the follower rises and so falls. As the pearshaped Cam is symmetrical, the rise gesture is the same as the autumn gesture. Edge Cams It must be appreciated that this type of Cam, where the follower is in contact with the border of the Cam phonograph record, is merely capable of leaving positive gesture to its follower in one way, that is, during the rise part of the cam motion. During the autumn part of the Cam motion the follower must be maintained in contact with the Cam either by the mass of the follower and its mechanism or, more normally, by a spring. Both methods have their advantages. Box Cams A channel can be milled in the face of cam phonograph record. As the Cam rotates, a follower located in the channel has its gesture guided by the channel. This type of Cam is called a box Cam. Cylindrical Cams: Cylindrical Cams are used when gesture has to be transmitted parallel to the axis of rotary motion of the Cam. The cylindrical or barrel Cam consists of a revolving cylinder with a coiling ( sleep together shaped ) channel in its curvedsurface. A follower with a tapering roller terminal is located in the channel. As the cylinder turns, the follower moves in a consecutive line analogue to the axis of the rotary motion barrel Cam. This type of Cam is frequently used to steer yarn on run uping machines, looms and fabric doing machines. Round Cam: These Cams are sometimes called bizarre Cam. The Cam profile is a circle. The centre of rotary motion of the Cam is frequently from the geometric centre of the circle. The round Cam produces a smooth signifier of gesture called a simple harmonic gesture. These Cams are frequently used to bring forth gesture in pumps. Round Cams are frequently used to run steam engine valves. As the Cam is symmetrical, the rise and autumn gestures are the same. HEART SHAPED CAMS: This Cam causes the follower to travel with a unvarying speed. Cordate Cams are indispensable when the follower gesture demands to be unvarying or steady as, for illustration, in the mechanism that winds thread equally on the spool of a sewing machine. A cordate Cam can be used for weaving wire equally on the former of a solenoid. UNIFORM ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION CAMS: A Cam shaped as shown controls the gesture of the follower so that it moves with unvarying acceleration and deceleration. The follower additions and looses speed at a changeless rate. Uniform acceleration and deceleration Cams are used to command the gesture of linkages in complex machinery. Types of Cam Followers There are three types of Cam followings, and since the type of follower influences the profile of the Cam it is worthwhile sing the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The three types are the knife-edge, the roller follower and the patrolman or mushroom follower. The Knife Edge Follower: This is the simplest type, is non frequently used due to the rapid rate of wear. When it is adopted, it is normally for reciprocating gesture, running in slides and there is considerable side push, this being a constituent of the push from the Cam. The Roller Follower: This eliminates the job of rapid wear since the skiding consequence is mostly replaced by a roller action. Some sliding will still take topographic point due to the changing peripheral velocity of the Cam profile, due to the altering radius of the point of contact. Note besides that the radial place of the contact between the Cam and the roller, comparative to the follower centre, will alter harmonizing to whether a rise or autumn gesture is taken topographic point: this fact has to be considered when building the Cam profile. Again, with the roller follower, considerable side pushs are present, a disadvantage when covering with reciprocating gestures. This side push will be increased when utilizing little rollers. The Flat Foot or Mushroom Follower: This has the advantage that the lone side push nowadays is that due to the clash between the follower and the Cam. The job of wear is non so great as with the knife-edge follower, since the point of contact between the Cam and follower will travel across the face of the follower harmonizing to the alteration of form of the Cam. A fast one to decrease farther the consequence of wear is to plan the follower to be capable of axial rotary motion and set up the axis of the follower to lie to one side of the Cam. Thus the contact with the Cam will be given to do rotary motion of the follower. The Cam profile, to work with a patrolman follower, must be convex at all parts, in order to forestall the corners of the follower delving into the Cam profile. The minimal Cam radius should be every bit little as possible to minimise sliding speed and clash. All three types of Cam followings can be mounted in the undermentioned ways: 1 ) In-line with the Cam centre line, 2 ) Offset from the Cam centre line, or 3 ) Mounted on a singing radial arm. CAM-VALVE CAM TERMINOLOGY Trace point: A theoretical point on the follower, matching to the point of a fabricated knife-edge follower. It is used to bring forth the pitch curve. In the instance of a roller follower, the hint point is at the centre of the roller. 2.Pitch curve: The way generated by the hint point at the follower is rotated about a stationary Cam. 3. Working curve: The working surface of a Cam in contact with the follower. For the knife-edge follower of the home base Cam, the pitch curve and the working curves coincide. In a stopping point or grooved Cam there is an interior profile and an outer working curve. 4. Flip circle: A circle from the Cam centre through the pitch point. The pitch circle radius is used to cipher a Cam of minimal size for a given force per unit area angle. 5. Prime circle ( cite circle ) : The smallest circle from the Cam centre through the pitch curve. 6. Base circle: The smallest circle from the Cam centre through the Cam profile curve. 7. Stroke or throw: The greatest distance or angle through which the follower moves or rotates. 8. Follower supplanting: The place of the follower from a particular nothing or rest place ( normally its the place when the follower contacts with the basal circle of the Cam ) in relation to clip or the rotary angle of the Cam. 9. Pressure angle: The angle at any point between the normal to the pitch curve and the instantaneous way of the follower gesture. This angle is of import in cam design because it represents the abruptness of the Cam profile. Some inquiry arises sing Cams and followings: When is a level faced follower preferred as compared to roller followings and why? Flat faced followings are preferred to roller followings where infinite is limited for eg: Cams with level followings are used to run valves of an car engine but in instance of stationary and oil engines, roller followings are preferred because more infinite is available. What information is plotted on displacement diagram of Cam and follower gesture? Autonomic nervous system: Plot of additive supplanting i.e. lift or shot ( s ) of follower ( on Y axis way ) versus angular supplanting ( I? ) of the Cam for one rotary motion ( on Ten axis way ) REFRENCES: WIKIPEDIA. McGILL CAMROLL bearings. Robinson, Thomas L. , â€Å" Bearing † , US How to cite Explaining Cam And Its Followers Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Evolution of Computers Essay Example For Students

Evolution of Computers Essay How many inventions in your lifetime can you think of that have changed everything in our society today? Computers have taken over todays society. From everyday tasks to moving satellites in space, PCs have revolutionized almost everything in our society. Computers werent always this complicated though, and were around a long time before anyone even knew what the word computer meant. The Abacus was the first known machine developed to help perform mathematical equations. From what researchers have discovered it was invented around 500 to 600 BC in an area around China or Egypt. This early tool was used to perform addition and subtraction and can still be found used in some of todays Middle Eastern cultures. In 650 AD the Hindus invented a written symbol for zero. Before this no true written calculations could be made, making this one of the most essential inventions to help computers. In 830 AD the first mathematics textbook was invented by a man named Mohammed Ibn Musa Abu Djefar. The subject of this textbook he wrote was Al Gebr Wel Mukabala which in todays society is known as Algebra (History of Computers). So what does all of this have to do with computers? Well without numbers computers wouldnt exist or have any reason to exist. The whole point of a computer is to perform mathematical computations. Computers werent the first to do these mathematical calculations though. In 1623 AD Wilhelm Schickard invented The Calculating Clock which would perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In the year 1801 Jacquard Loom devised a punch card system with a power loom and an automatic card reader. Later that century in 1890 Herman Hollerith invented a census calculator that put each persons information on a punch card and sent it through an electrical/mechanical tabulating machine. This sped up the process from about 7 years to 2 years making this a very efficient method of performing a census, which in turn helped spread it around the world (History of Computers). Jump to the year 1937 when John V. Atanasoff invented the first electronic computer. This computer and others below, unless otherwise stated, were made using vacuum tubes, an electronic device in which conduction by electrons takes place through a vacuum within a sealed glass or metal container and which has various uses based on the controlled flow of electrons (Dictionary.com). From 1941 to 1954 the governments of various countries started developing different computers for different purposes (Sandiego 1). The year of 1941 was a very important year for computers. It marks the year the first fully functional program controlled computer was invented. This pc was developed in secret by Konrad Zuse and was called the Z3. It was the first to introduce the general architecture for todays microprocessor. In the picture below the items seem simple, but at the time this was very advanced. This was the start of the true evolution of computers. After this, from 1943 to 1954, governments and r esearch teams continued to pump out different computers. The last of the vacuum tube computers was created in 1954, and was called the SAGE aircraft warning system. This was the largest vacuum tube computer system every built (Sandiego 1). These were all first generation computers. Second generation computers utilized transistors instead of vacuum tubes and were invented from around 1954-1959. In 1950 NBS (The National Bureau of Standards) created SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer). This system used over 10,000 germanium diodes, germanium is a semiconductor that is more expensive than silicon but better suited and more efficient than silicon, and was used to solve over 50 unrelated scientific problems per day. In 1959 GE, General Electric Corporation, made an ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting) computer system for the Bank of America in California. This system introduced automation in banking, which later helped with the creation of ATMs (Sandiego 2). The era of third generation computers was from 1959-1971 and they utilized ICs (Integrated Circuits) for these computers. In 1959 Jack Kilby, of Texas instruments, patented the first IC. The first commercial IC product was a hearing aid made and produced in 1963. IBM produced SABRE in 1964 for American Airlines. Its a tracking system for ticket reservations, which helped speed up the reservation process considerably. DEC was the creator of the first mini-computer called the PDP-8. It was one of the first mini-computers made in mass production that pretty much anyone could afford at the time. In 1969 the DOD, Department of Defense, developed the precursor to the internet which was called ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). This was an experimental WAN (Wide Area Network) that would survive a nuclear war. (Sandiego 3)Fourth generation PCs were the first to use microprocessors and were in the era of 1971 to 1987. Gilbert Hyatt patented the microprocessor in 1971. Later that year Ted Hoff, of Intel, introduced new microprocessors to use in calculators. IBM arrived with the first 8 in. floppy disk. They also started using these microprocessors in unison with LCD screens in calculators and watches. November of that year Intel introduced the first microcomputer to the public called the MCS-4. In 1972 Nolan Bushnell introduced the arcade game to the public with Computer Space. Later that year he also created and introduced Atari and the game Pong to the public which became the beginnings of todays Video Gamer. The next year in 73 IBM developed the first hard disk drive utilizing two 30MB platters. Two years later they started selling Altair personal computers. This is when Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak became influenced and developed the Apple personal computer. Also within the same year the 5.25 in. floppy disk was introduced (Sandiego 4). Prostitution Essay The other two cards have the capability of storing thousands of times of data in the magnetic strip. They are optical memory cards (OMCs) and Smart cards. Both of them are always used in the security system of computers. However, it is not enough for just using password system and card-keys to protect the memory in the computer. A computer system also need to have a restricting program to verify

The scientific method Essay Example

The scientific method Essay Laboratory Objectives After completing this lab topic, you should be able to: 1. Identify and characterize questions that can be answered through selecting investigation. 2. Define hypothesis and explain what characterizes a good selecting hypothesis. 3. Identify and describe the components of a scientific experiment. 4. Summarize and present results in tables and graphs. 5. Discuss results and critique experiments. 6. Design a scientific experiment. 7. Interpret and communicate results. Introduction Biology is the study of the phenomena of life, and biologists observe living systems ND organisms, ask questions, and propose explanations for those observations. Science assumes that biological systems are understandable and can be explained by fundamental rules or laws. Scientific Investigations share some common elements and procedures, which are referred to as the scientific method. Not all scientists follow these procedures in a strict fashion, but each of the elements is usually present. Science is a creative human endeavor that involves asking questions, making observations, developing explanatory hypotheses, and testing those hypotheses. Scientists closely scrutinize investigations in their field, and each scientist must present his or her work at scientific meetings or in professional publications, providing evidence from observations and experiments that supports the scientists explanations of biological phenomena. Read the following example and answer the questions that follow. Agricultural scientists were concerned about the effect of air pollution, sulfur dioxide in particular, on soybean production in fields adjacent to coal-powered power plants. Based on initial investigations, they proposed that sulfur dioxide in high concentrations would reduce reproduction in soybeans. They designed an experiment to test this hypothesis (Figure 1). In this experiment, 48 soybean plants, Just beginning to produce flowers, were delved Into two groups, treatment and no treatment. We will write a custom essay sample on The scientific method specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The scientific method specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The scientific method specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The 24 treated plants were delved Into four groups of 6. One group of 6 treated plants was placed in a fumigation chamber and exposed to 0. 6 pimp (parts power plant. The experiment was repeated on the remaining three treated groups. The no-treatment plants were placed similarly in groups of 6 in a second fumigation hammer and simultaneously exposed to filtered air for 4 hours. Following the experiment, all plants were returned to the greenhouse. When the beans matured, the number of bean pods, the number of seeds per pod, and the weight of the pods were determined for each plant. Figure 1 . Experimental Design for soybean experiment. The experiment was repeated four times. Soybeans were fumigated for 4 hours. Determining the Variables Read the description of each category of variable; then identify the variable described in the preceding investigation. The variables in an experiment must be Leary defined and measurable. The investigator will identify and define dependent, independent, and controlled variables for a particular experiment. A) The Dependent Variable Within the experiment, one variable will be measured or counted or observed in response to the experimental conditions. This variable is the dependent variable. For the soybeans, several dependent variables are measured, all of which provide information about reproduction. What are the dependent variables? B) The Independent Variable The scientist will choose one variable, or experimental condition, to manipulate. This arable is considered the most important variable by which to test the investigators hypothesis and is called the independent variable. What was the independent variable? Can you suggest other variables that the investigator might have changed that would have had an effect on the dependent variables? He dependent variables, only one independent variable is usually chosen. Why is it important to have only one independent variable? Why is it acceptable to have more than one dependent variable? C) Controlled Variables Consider the variables that you identified as alternative independent variables. Although they are not part of the hypothesis being tested in this investigation, they would ha ve significant effects on the outcome of this experiment. These variables must, therefore, be kept constant during the course of the experiment. They are known as the controlled variables. The underlying assumption in experimental design is that the selected independent variable is the one affecting the dependent variable. This is only true if all other variables are controlled. What are the controlled variables in this experiment? What variables other than those you may have already listed can you now suggest? Choosing or Designing the Procedure The procedure is the stepwise method, or sequence of steps, to be performed for the experiment. It should be recorded in a laboratory notebook before initiating the experiment, and any exceptions or modifications should be noted during the experiment. The procedures may be designed from research published in scientific journals, through collaboration with colleagues in the lab or other institutions, or by means of ones own novel and creative ideas. The process of outlining the procedure includes determining control treatment(s), levels of treatments, and numbers of applications. The value set for the independent variable is called the level of treatment. For this experiment, the value was determined based on previous research and preliminary measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions. The scientists may select a range of concentrations from no sulfur dioxide to an extremely high concentration. The levels should be based on knowledge of the system and the biological significance of the treatment level. What was the level of treatment in the soybean experiment? B) Replication Scientific investigations are not valid if the conclusions drawn from them are based n one experiment with one or two individuals. Generally, the same procedure will be repeated several times (replication), providing consistent results. Notice that scientists do not expect exactly the same results inasmuch as individuals and their responses will vary. Results from replicated experiments are usually averaged and may be further analyzed using statistical tests. Describe replication in the soybean experiment. C) Control The experiment design includes a control in which the independent variable is held at an established level or is omitted. The control or control treatment serves as a encroach that allows the scientist to decide whether the predicted effect is really due to the independent variable. What was the control treatment in this experiment? What is the difference between the control and the controlled variables discussed previously? EXERCISE II: DESIGNING AN EXPERIMENT In this exercise, the entire class, working together, will practice investigating a question using what you have learned so far about the scientific process. Cardiovascular fitness can be determined by measuring a persons pulse rate and respiration rate before and after a given time of aerobic exercise. A person who is more fit may have a relatively slower pulse rate and a lower respiratory rate after exercise, and his or her pulse rate should return to normal more quickly than that of a person who is less fit. Your assignment is to investigate the effect of a well-defined, measurable, controllable independent variable on cardiovascular fitness. Specific questions can be asked about an independent variable related to the broad topic of cardiovascular fitness. For example, your question might be Does cigarette smoking have an effect on cardiovascular fitness? List the questions in the space revived. Choose the best question and propose a testable hypothesis. B) Hypothesis Record the hypothesis chosen by the class. The Experiment A test, called the step test, that is often used for assessing cardiovascular fitness (Sinusitis and Fine, 1987). Here are the basic elements of this test: 1. The subject steps up and down on a low platform, approximately 8 in. From the ground, for 3 minutes at a rate of 30 steps per minute. 2. The subjects pulse rate is measured before the test and immediately after the test. The subject should be sitting quietly when the pulse is counted. Use three fingers to find the pulse in the radial artery (the artery in the wrist, above the thumb). Count the number of beats per minute. (Count the beats for 30 seconds and multiply by 2. ) 3. Additionally, the pulse rate is measured at I-minute intervals after the test until the pulse rate returns to normal (recovery time). Count the pulse for 30 seconds, rest 30 seconds, count 30 seconds, and rest 30 seconds. Repeat this procedure until the pulse returns to normal. Record the number of minutes to return to the normal pulse rate. (Do not record the pulse rate. ) As a group, design an experiment and record the components below: Dependent variable(s): Controlled variables: Control: Level of treatment: Replication: Summarize the experimental designed by your class: Prediction Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then). Following the procedures established by your investigative team, perform the experiment and record your results. Results Record total class results in a Table. Identify the treatment conditions at the top of the table. Presenting and Analyzing Results Once the data are collected, they must be organized and summarized so that the scientists can determine if the hypothesis has been supported or falsified. In this exercise, you will design tables and graphs; the latter are also called figures. Tables and figures have two primary functions. They are used (1) to help you analyze and interpret your results and (2) to enhance the clarity with which you present the work to a reader or viewer. Tables You have collected data from your experiment in the form of a list of numbers that may appear at first glance to have little meaning. Look at your data. How could you organize the data set to make it easier to interpret? You could average the data set or each treatment, but even averages can be rather uninformative. Could you use a summary table to convey the data (in this case, averages)? Table 2 is an example of a table using data averages of the number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant as the dependent variables and exposure to sulfur dioxide as the independent variable. Note that the number of replicates and the units of measurement are provided in the table and table legend. Table 2. Effects of 4-Hour Exposure to 0. 6 pimp Sulfur Dioxide on Average Seed and Pod Production in Soybeans. Treatment Number Seeds per Pod Pods per Plant intro 243. 26 16 ASS 241. 96 13 Tables are used to present results that have a few too many data points. They are also useful for displaying several dependent variables. For example, average number of bean pods, average number of seeds per pod, and average weight of pods per plant for treated and untreated plants could all be presented in one table. All values of the same kind should read down the column, not across a row. Include only data that are important in presenting the results and for further discussion. Information and results that are not essential (for example: test-tube number, impel calculations, or data with no differences) should be omitted. The headings of each column should include units of measurement, if appropriate. Tables are numbered consecutively throughout a lab report or scientific paper. For example Table 4 would be the fourth table in your report. The title, which is located at the top of the table, should be clear and concise, with enough information to allow the table to be understandable apart from the text. Capitalize the first and important words in the title. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the), short prepositions, and conjunctions. Refer to each table in the written text. Summarize the data and refer to the table; for example, The plants treated with sulfur dioxide produced an average of 1. 96 seeds per pod (Table 2). Do not write, See the results in Table 2. If you are using a database program, such as Excel, you should still sketch your table on paper before constructing it on the computer. Application 1. Using the data from your experiment, design a summary table to present the results for one of your dependent variables, pulse rate. Your table need not be the same size or design as the sample. In your table, provide units of the dependent arable (pulse rate). Tell the reader how many replications (if any) were used to calculate the averages. 2. Compose a title for your table. Refer to the guidelines in the previous section. Interpreting and Communicating Results The last component of a scientific investigation is to interpret the results and discuss their implications in light of the hypothesis and its supporting literature. The investigator studies the tables and graphs and determines if their hypothesis has been supported or falsified. If the hypothesis has been falsified, the investigator must suggest alternate hypotheses for testing. If the hypothesis has been supported, the investigator suggests additional experiments to strengthen the hypothesis, using the same or alternate methods. Scientists will thoroughly investigate a scientific question, testing hypotheses, collecting data, and analyzing results, until they are satisfied that they can explain the phenomenon of interest. The final phase off scientific investigation is the communication of the results to other scientists. Preliminary results may be presented within a laboratory research group and at scientific meetings where the findings can be discussed. Ultimately, the completed reject is presented in the form of a scientific paper that is reviewed by scientists within the field and published in a scientific Journal. The ideas, procedures, results, other scientists. Because of this, science is sometimes described as self-correcting, meaning that errors that may occur are usually discovered within the scientific community. Scientific communication, whether spoken or written, is essential to science. During this laboratory course, you often will be asked to present and interpret your results at the end of the laboratory period. Additionally, you will write components of a scientific paper for many lab topics.

Looking At A Summary Of Daniel Defoe English Literature Essay Essay Example

Looking At A Summary Of Daniel Defoe English Literature Essay Essay Example Looking At A Summary Of Daniel Defoe English Literature Essay Essay Looking At A Summary Of Daniel Defoe English Literature Essay Essay Robinson Crusoe was born in 1632. He leads an easy and quiet life, and his pa wants him to acquire an office occupation. But His boy wants to research the universe and canvas all over the universe. One twenty-four hours he went to the seaport and goes on a ship. The ship comes right into a storm, but all the ship members are safe in clip. When he is back at the seashore he has a pick: or he goes back to place, or he went farther on his canvas journey. He chose the last option en sailed with a captain of a ship to Africa. On their manner they are raid by plagiarists. Robinson Crusoe is from this clip the slave of the captain of the plagiarists. After 2 old ages he thinks about a program to get away from the captain. On a journey he threw the captain in the ocean and tells the ship members that he is the captain of the ship. After al long clip they arrive at Brazil. Their Robinson Crusoe sells his boat and start with a plantation. After a short clip he quiets with his plantation and st arts to sail once more to Africa. Besides this clip, the ship comes in problem and capsizes. Robinson Crusoe is the lone 1 who survived the accident and swim to a nearby island. Every twenty-four hours he went back to the boat because it did nt drop. From the wood of the boat he builds a raft. Besides he picked up some nutrient, apparels and tools. After 12 yearss the boat sank. On the Island he builds a place in a cave. He builds a fencing and he made chairs en tabular arraies for his place. One twenty-four hours his cave prostration and he has to seek another topographic point where he can kip. He wants to the other side of the island and so he builds a canoe from a tree. After 5 old ages the canoe is eventually finished. After 11 old ages he discovers a footmark that he ca nt acknowledge. 7 old ages subsequently he besides discovers human castanetss. He builds a stronger fencing around his place because he s a spot frightened. After 24 old ages he saw the man-eaters for the first times. On their boat are 2 victims. When they arrive one of the victims attempts to get away but 3 of the man-eaters chase the victim. One of the pursuers stops after a will and went back and the other 2 pursuers has been killed by Robinson Crusoe. He called the victim Friday. He taught him to talk English, and that Robinson Crusoe is his foreman and that cannibalism is truly bad. They become friends. After a twosome of old ages the man-eaters arrive once more with 2 victims. Now Friday and Ro binson Crusoe killed all the man-eaters and salvage the victims. One of the victims is the male parent of Friday. Robinson Crusoe orders them to step in the canoes of the man-eaters and acquire some aid. After 8 yearss they come back with a immense ship. The crew on the ship is all English. Robinson Crusoe Asked them what happened and they told it was mutiny. Friday went into the Forest with the some people of the crew and he makes them lost. The other crew members have been killed. The 4 people, Robinson Crusoe, Friday, Fridays male parent and the Spaniard went back to England with the ship of the English work forces. So After around 28 old ages Robinson Crusoe went back to England. Creative assignment Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe Jeroen new wave Lieshout A5d What has to be in the article surely? The jobs he had, The canvas journeys, His clip as a slave, The friendly relationship with Friday. 28 old ages on an Island Robinson Crusoe has been lived on an Island for 28 old ages. Robinson Kruetznaer, born in 1632, has lived on an island for around 28 old ages. Robinson Kruetznaer, besides named as Robinson Crusoe was a immature energetic male child with a dream. He wants to explorer the universe and canvas over all the great oceans, but one storm changes his life straight. It starts with an artlessness trip to the seaport but it ends 28 old ages subsequently. Robinson Crusoe went to the Harbor and takes a expression at a ship, when the boat starts to sail. The captain told him that there was no manner back and so his escapade starts. After a few yearss the boat came into a storm, but all the crew members were salvage in clip. They sail in their deliverance boats back to the seashore. Robinson does nt travel back to place, no he sailed further. He met a captain and he is allowed to sail with the captain. But non every journey is safe. This one is non safe to. This clip the job is plagiarists, who raid the boat. After the foray Robinson Crusoe is taken with the captain. He became a slave and has to work hard merely like every slaves in the 16th until the nineteenth century. Bondage is really difficult, the slaves have to make all the work and the wages is largely a little piece of old staff of life. After a short clip he went with the captain on a boat to Africa. On their manner he threw the captain in sea and he became the captain. For a slave it s really surprising what he did, but the dramatic thing is that all the ship members agree with the fact that he is the new captain. They sail to Brazil and their he starts an ain plantation. But as a existent mariner, he stopped after a short clip with the plantation and went back on the sea. This clip he sails to Africa, but besides this clip the journey is nt without problem. The ship and Robinson Crusoe came into another storm. All the crew of the ship is dead, except Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe and Friday together on the Island. He saw a nearby island and swam to it to convey himself in safe place. When he arrived his ship was still drifting on the H2O. Robinson Crusoe seems to be really clever, because he swam back and take everything that he could acquire, that made an easy life on the island. With the wood of the ship he made a raft. He besides took the Canis familiaris with him to acquire anybody on the island. The most surprising thing is the fact that he grabs animate beings non for nutrient, but for his pleasance. He grabs a parrot, a cat and a caprine animal. With his new household physique he a new hereafter, with a place in a cave including chairs and a tabular array. But another job happened: his place prostration and he has to seek a new place. On the island there are many trees, so he felt one and construct a canoe of it. With his new canoe he sailed to the other side of the island where the exciting began. He saw other peoples, man-eaters, with two victims. One of the victims escaped and run to Robinson. They became friends and learned each other different things such as the linguistic communication, how to contend and that Robinson Crusoe is the Boss. Robinson called the victim Friday. Together they destroy the man-eaters and 2 new victims enjoy their group. One of them is the male parent of Friday. Robinson sent them back to the ocean to acquire aid and after a short clip a immense ship is come ining. Robinson en Friday made the crew lost and Robinson Crusoe and his 3 victims enter the boat and canvas back to England. After around 28 old ages Robinson Crusoe eventually acquire back to the chief land of England. Robinson Crusoe salvaging all his goods out the wreck of his ship.

Great College Graduation Party Ideas by Lauren Gartner

Great College Graduation Party Ideas Great College Graduation Party Ideas When it comes to any great party, there are three things to keep in mind. Every party must be held in a great location, the decoration must be fun and festive, and the food and drinks mu st be wonderful. After all, if you are throwing a graduation party for a friend or family member, don’t you want everything to be perfect for them and the party guests? Throwing a party can be stressful and a lot of work. If you have an upcoming graduation party, keep reading. The next few paragraphs are full of college graduation party ideas that you can use to make your party an absolute hit. Consider Using College Theme Party Ideas One way to make any type of party planning easier is to base the entire party around a theme. Doing this will help you focus on the theme when you are tasked with making decisions. It can also make shopping of party supplies easier as your local party store likely has items representing specific themes displayed together. Here are some examples of college party themes: Graduation BBQ – Since graduations are often held in the late spring and early summer, this is a great option. Cook hot dogs and burgers on the grill. Serve with buns, condiments, and sides of baked beans, fruit salad, and potato salad. Offer strawberry shortcake for desert. Make sure guests are kept hydrated with plenty of water and lemonade. Beer and rum punch are always great options for the adults. Decorate card tables and picnic tables with traditional checked table cloths and mismatched plates and silverware. Have games available for guests such as horse shoes, badminton, and bean bags. Graduation Open House – People throwing graduation parties often worry about accommodating large crowds of people all at once. The solution to this is to have an open house. Set snacks and drinks up in stations, and allow guests to come in and mingle with one another and the guest of honor. Be sure to provide a guestbook that folks can use to sign and offer the good wishes to the recent graduate. Graduation Luau – This is another great outdoor party idea. Stake tiki torches in the back yard and string leis as garland. Serve guests chicken and pineapple skewers, or an even more traditional roasted pork sandwiches. Play luau music for to really set the mood. Coconut cake makes a great desert for a graduation luau. Fruity cocktails are perfect for the adults. Just replace the booze with sparkling water for guests who don’t drink. Finding the Perfect Graduation Party Location If the weather is going to be nice, and you have enough room, a backyard is the perfect place for a graduation party. If you prefer to keep things indoors, a roomy rec room or an open living room are good choices. If neither of these is an option, you’ll have to find a suitable location that can accommodate your guests, serving tables, chairs, chafing dishes, etc.. You may look into renting pavilions at local parks, private banquet rooms at local restaurants, church basements, or a local VFW or Eagle’s lodge.

Construction Technology and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction Technology and Innovation - Essay Example This paper explores the various modern forms and types of construction in use in the UK. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these forms of construction are enumerated for the benefit of the adopters and future adopters of these forms of communication. Modern Building Form Concrete is one of the most important materials used in the construction industry. Hence, many changes in construction forms and types definitely touch on concrete (Egan, 2002). Consequently, the concrete industry has really achieved considerable change in recent times with regards to modern methods of construction (MMC) (Council of Mortgage Lenders, 2013). Although all of these new construction methods have their unique advantages, they are generally beneficial in that they not only reduce construction time but also promote sustainability in structures and the industry at large (Hecker & Weinstein, 2005). Notably, these modern concrete styles help owners and constructors save costs. The first modern t ype of construction used in the UK is the Precast Flat Panel System. In this system, wall and floor units are built in a factory, away from the construction site (Hinze & Haas, 1997). These units are then ferried to construction sites and erected to create the desired structures. One area in which this form of construction is applicable and largely used is in repetitive cellular projects (Pushkar et al., 2005). The panels in this respect could be services, doors, windows, walls or finishes to structures. An example of an application of this form of construction is in the building of envelope panels with factory-fitted insulation and decorative cladding, which also acts as a load-bearing element (Miles, 1985). An advantage of this form of construction is that it offers factory quality and accuracy besides ensuring speed during the erection of units on-site (Gambatese, 2003). The image below shows a crane lifting a precast flat panel at a construction site (Retrieved from http://www.f hwa.dot.gov/hfl/innovator/issue08.cfm). Another modern construction method closely related to the Precast Flat Panel System is the 3D Volumetric Construction. This method, also referred to as modular construction, entails the construction of 3D units in a factory and then transporting them to the construction site (Gianino, 2005). Unlike the Precast Flat Panel System, the 3D Volumetric Construction units or modules may be transported to the site in assembled and finished forms or as basic structures. In other cases, the units are brought with internal and external finishes and services installed (Kitson, 2013). In such a case, all that is done on-site is the assembling of these units to form the desired structure. Being based on factory, conditions, this method of construction has the advantage of creating service-intensive structures, characterized by high-level replication. In addition, this method allows for the rapid assembly of units on-site (Atkinson, 2008). Consequent to thes e advantages, this method is highly desirable for urgent projects. Its other benefits are inherent in the use of concrete and include thermal mass, fire resistance and sound resistance. It also offers speed in on-site erection in addition to factory quality and accuracy (Hegazy, 2002). The image below illustrates a building being constructed using the 3D Volumetric construction meth

The Friedman Family Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Friedman Family Model - Essay Example The Friedman Family Assessment Model outlines six assessment categories, but the two most relevant to the Morrison family are family structure and family functions. When the parents die, the children are left to take care of themselves, with some assistance from neighbors such as Mrs. Stanovich. Prior to the parent’s death, Mr. Morrison had received some education that had enabled him to get employed at a local bank. He was the head of the family and took care of his mother, brothers, and sisters. After the death of their parents, Mart and Luke have taken over as the heads of the family and have had to provide for their younger sisters. Luke gives up his teaching training to take care of his sisters. He had hardly noticed the existence of Bo when their parents were alive, but after their demise he takes over the role of her father. In a family where siblings have a large age difference, there is a minimum interaction between them according to Friedman et al.. The elder childre n feel threatened by the birth of other children and show rivalry towards the newborns. Matt is also forced to work for the Pye family, their neighbors, in order to supplement the family income. (Lawson, 2002). Matt acts as an idol to Kate due to his academic excellence, but when he makes Marie pregnant and is unable to join the university, Kate considers him to be a loser. Older boys in a family serve as stimulators or models (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003). There are several explosions of anger and frustration between Matt and Luke, which make Kate be withdrawn. This makes her unable to communicate with Matt despite their tight bond immediately after the death of their

Production possibilities Essay Example for Free

Production possibilities Essay The production possibility frontier PPF is a curve that shows all efficient combination of output in an economy when the factors of production have been used efficiently and optimally. (Lipsey et al 355). Assume an economy produces 2 goods (x and y) and technology is fixed and resources are fully utilized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To produce more units of x means that more resources will be transferred and less output of Y will be produced. The reverse is also true as production of more units of y reduces the production of X units. To produce more units of X may require that labor be increased. This reduces the labor for Y produced. Increasing the production of one good translates to increased ‘sacrifice’ or cost. The opportunity cost of producing X in terms of Y increases with the production of more ‘X’ commodity and consequently lesser units of Y are produced.   The opportunity cost increases as more of ‘X’ or ‘Y’ units are produced because although some resources may be suited for the production of both commodities some may not be efficient. For instance, diverting all laborers in X production to Y production may not yield effective results. To obtain 3 units of Y (1) unit of X is given off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The production possibilities frontier is based on some assumptions. There are two goods or commodities in the economy and it shows the trade offs between them. It assumes that common resources are used in the production of the two commodities. There is fixed technology. Technological changes could influence the production of one good over the other. There is full employment and fixed resources. These assumptions would be more applicable in the short run as opposed to the long run. (Lipsey et al 368). Production along the curve is termed as efficient. Therefore point d, c and e are efficient points of production operating within the economy’s capacity or at optimal. Production at point (a) is attainable but inefficient. Such combination is less than what the economy is capable of producing. Resources are not optimally utilized and hence the inefficiency. Production at point (b) is attainable given the economy’s capacity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship are the common or most recognized factors of production. Land entails natural resources that are at times modified and contribute to the production processes. Land varies in terms of its fertility. It is fixed but can be improved or renovated for instance swampy areas. (Lipsey et al 400).   Labor or human capital is also an important factor of production. Labor is the human resources or people who work. They include professional engineers or technicians capital includes ‘building machinery and tools. Labor is human be it effort be it mental or physical capital is man-made goods. People have varying skills and expertise resulting to varying wages and salaries. Labor can be improved through training. Capital is mostly used to refer to ‘financial ability’ but it includes the equipment or machinery that have to be put in place for successful production of goods. Entrepreneurship refers to the risk takers who operate businesses. They receive profits as laborers receive wages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The PPF is a downward sloping curve due to the principle of increasing costs. (Lipsey et al 370). Increasing the production of X leads to a decline in the production of Y. It is concave to origin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production at point (b) can only be possible when the economy experiences growth, which could be due to various factors. Increased supply of resource for instance discovery of oil would increase the supply of natural resources as an increase in population due to migration would increase labor. Improvement in technology could lead to a more efficient and effective means of production that could shift the PPF outwards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Point (b) lies outside the PPF and the economy needs to increase its efficiency, factor resources or improve on the technology. Similar goods have a downward sloping straight line PPF showing that the opportunity cost between them is constant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Point (a) shows that some resources are unemployed and thus wasteful. An economy could be operating at this point if some of its resources are lying idle or if the resources are being used inefficiently in production.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using previously used inefficiently resources efficiently as well as employing previously unemployed resources would also help an economy produce at ‘b’. Operating on the curve means that resources are used effectively to producing along the curve is better for the economy. Works Cited: Lipsey, Richard and Ragan Christopher. Microeconomics. Toronto, Addison Wesley Longman. Tenth Edition. 2001.p 355-450

Virginia: State and National Science Standards :: Essays Papers

Virginia: State and National Science Standards Across the field of education, standards have become both a guideline for teacher lesson plans and a measuring device for students’ achievement. In recent years several subject-based standards have been put in place by national organizations of scientists, mathematicians, and other professionals. Simultaneously, states have been developing their own set of standards, many of which may or may not correspond with offerings such as the National Science Education Standards (NSES). One example we will focus on in this paper is the State of Virginia’s Standards of Learning (SOLs). As a result, the VA SOLs received a rather poor grade on a national scale, measured by the Thomas B. Ford Foundation in March 1998. Much of the criticism lies in the VA SOLs’ lack of broad ideas and theoretical structure. Educators across the state have differing opinions concerning the VA Science Standards. Many educators have expressed disagreement over the value and the implementation of the SOLs. With regard to the VA Science SOLs, one elementary school teacher stated, "I don’t find the science SOLs controversial at all. I really enjoy teaching science and can find many ways to include the SOLs in all my academic areas." Not all teachers feel so positively about the standards. A Northern Virginia elementary principal expressed this viewpoint when he said, "Your feeling about the science SOLs will depend on your philosophical point of view about a fact vs. experiential science curriculum†¦Teachers who like open-ended, experiential-thinking based curriculum will not like them [VA SOLs], teachers who like sequential, fact-rich curriculum will." One criticism of the VA SOLs points towards its lack of exploratory learning due to its fact-based nature. Many believe that the extensive content needed to be covered handicaps teachers in such a way that they are unable to teach anything else but the SOLs and therefore can not delve deeply into any one area of study. On the contrary, VA SOLs can be a valuable resource for lesson plans. Since all teachers on a certain grade level must hold their students responsible for the same information, they can easily share lessons and materials. This lends itself to collaborative teaching. The NSES also have both positive and negative aspects. The National Science Education Standards appeal to those who appreciate an inquiry-based, constructivist approach. As stated in Catherine Kelly’s article, Reaching to the Standards (2000), "The Standards [NSES] have also encouraged constructivism and rallied support for a developmental curriculum in which students are more process oriented than product oriented.

Hershey Company Essay

Abstract The Hershey Company, known until April 2005 as the Hershey Foods Corporation and commonly called Hershey’s, is the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. Its headquarters are in Hershey, Pennsylvania, which is also home to Hershey’s Chocolate World. It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company, a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company. Hershey’s products are sold in about sixty countries worldwide. In addition, Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation. The company has been topped to 384, compared with the previous rank 404, in 2013 (CNN, 2013). This paper is going to show the company’s international environment, exams the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treats. After analyzing the strategic management for going abroad and competitive advantages, the author concluded that how the Hershey Company successes to offer the whole world’s happiness and what else can be down to move forward. Introduction to the Hershey Company The Hershey Company is the largest chocolate and confectionary product manufacturer in the North America Region. The Hershey Company Headquarters is located in Hershey, Pennsylvania founded by Milton Hershey. Milton S. Hershey in the late 1800s and the company has been a huge stimulation of growth for Hershey, Derry Township (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). As the new millennium begins, The Hershey Company continues to introduce new products frequently and take advantage of growth opportunities through acquisitions. HERSHEY’S products are known and enjoyed the world over. In fact, the company market, sell and distribute our products in approximately 70 countries. The Hershey Company’s key market includes United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and China. As of year-end 2011, Hershey employed 13,800 people and had consolidated net sales of $6.08 billion (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). Hershey’s slogan is bringing sweet moments of Hershey happiness to the world every day. Below are some of the Hershey Company’s popular brands: Hershey’s Chocolate Bar Almond Joy Kit Kat Hershey’s Kisses Reese’s Milk Duds Mr. Good bar Whoppers Hershey’s Mission â€Å"Our mission is to be a focused food company in North America and selected international markets and a leader in every aspect of our business. Our goal is to enhance our First position in the North American confectionery market, be the leader in U.S. chocolate-related grocery products, and to build leadership positions in selected international markets† (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). Hershey’s Slogan is: Bringing sweet moments of Hershey happiness to the world every day. To the stakeholders, this means: delivering quality consumer-driven confectionery experiences for all occasions to customers; winning with an aligned and empowered organization while having fun to employees; building collaborative relationships for profitable growth with customers, suppliers and partners; creating sustainable value for shareholders; honoring our heritage through continued commitment to making a positive difference on communities (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). Customers Full-time sales representatives and food brokers sell our products to our customers. Hershey’s customers are mainly wholesale distributors, chain grocery stores, and mass merchandisers, chain drug stores, vending companies, wholesale clubs, convenience stores, dollar stores, concessionaires, department stores and natural food stores (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). International Business Environment Analysis – SWOT Analysis 1. Strengths History and market share. The Hershey company exports to 60 different countries include Largest Distribution Network across North American  territory. According to market research firm Euromonitor International, the global confectionery market sits at $160 billion, and has grown at 5% annually the past five years. Meanwhile, the chocolate market in the United States is largely a two-horse race between Hershey (43%) and private company Mars, Inc. (31%). The next-largest competitor, Nestle, holds only a 6% U.S. market share (Markman, 2012). Various Products and Attractions. The Hershey has 120 years history of chocolate business. The Hershey Company develop various products such chocolate bars and bags, licorice and sugar candy, boxed chocolate, mints and gum, and specialized nutritional products. The Hershey Company has a number of Hershey’s Chocolate World attractions that provide consumers with the Hershey experience through interactive retail entertainment and merchandise. Key store locations include Hershey, Pennsylvania; Times Square in New York City; The Magnificent Mile, Chicago; Niagara Falls, Canada; Shanghai, China; Singapore; and Dubai, United Arab Emirates (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). Professional Training for Employees. Hershey provides a variety of training and development opportunities that encourage their employees’ personal and professional development. Hershey University is an educational program that tailors its curriculum to Hershey’s evolving business environment, offering both classroom instruction and online courses. In addition, when specifically relevant to their jobs, employees may be entitled to tuition reimbursement for associate’s, bachelor’s and master’s degrees at accredited institutions. Also, in July 2011 we launched CocoaLinkâ„ ¢, a first-of-its kind program that uses mobile technology to deliver practical—and critical—agricultural and social training to rural cocoa farmer s (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). Charity and social responsibility. Hershey is an exemplary organization in terms of business ethics and socialresponsibility; a significant part of Hershey Food’s profits go toward operatingthe Milton Hershey School for Orphaned Children. 2. Weaknesses Unhealthy Nutritional Content. Compare with Nestle and Mars’ chocolate bars, Hershey’s chocolate high in sugar. And Hershey’s chocolate contain more than twice as much as some of the others (ACALORIECOUNTER, 2013). Unhealthy nutritional content will affect customers’ choices of Hershey. Price inflation. Since 2008, Hershey Co. announced that it was raising its wholesale candy prices by 11%. This is the second price jump for them this year, in January they raised prices by 13% for select products in their line as well (ACALORIECOUNTER, 2013). In 2011, The Hershey Company says it is raising wholesale prices by 9.7% on most of its candy products. Due to price inflation of milk and sugar, the price of Hershey’s chocolate keeps rising which lower Hershey’s chocolates’ competitive ability among its competitors. Low international market share of chocolate confectionary industry. Hershey’s global market share in the chocolate confectionary industry in only 10 percent, lowest among its competitors 3. Opportunities Huge Consume Market. 81% of households consume chocolate candy. China and India are huge untapped markets. Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand also are untapped, So, Hershey has the opportunity to gain a foothold in those Countries (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). Environmentally Safety Products. There is another opportunity for Hershey to develop environmentally safe products and packages, reducing industrial waste, recycling, and establishing an environmental audit process are strategies that could benefit Hershey. Non-chocolate candies Market. Another opportunity is that Hershey diversifies more into non-chocolate candies because that segment is growing most rapidly in foreign countries like U.S &U.K. Anniversary and Festivals. The Hershey’s Company should take advantage of the holidays such as Valentine’s Day and anniversary. For example, this years’ Valentine’s Day, MM let customers customized their chocolate online. Customers can add their pictures on MM chocolates. And they can pick up the color of chocolates their like to combine a gift box. This innovation attracted a lot of customers. Charity & Foundations. As we all know, charity and foundations will bring great reputations to corporations. They can help corporations build positive brand images which will increase brand’s sales. 4. Threats Emerging competitors. The main competitors of Hershey Foods are Mars and Nestle. Mars is already a threat for Hershey, because Mars has a stronger presence than Hershey in Europe, Asia, Mexico, and Japan. At the same time, there are also many new competitors are entering chocolate market such as Whole food’s chocolate. Compare with Hershey, Mars, and Nestle, Whole Food’s chocolate aim at healthy chocolates. They provide choice to the customer wants low fast and organic chocolate. 25 percent of Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s revenues and profits come from coffee, and adverse economic occurrences in South America, particularly Brazil, affect the company. Nestle plans to continue to play to its strengths, international markets outside the United States, to combat Hershey. Social Changes about Healthy Foods. With the development of Society and Technology, people more and more focus their health and nutrition. We can find more and more organic chocolate manufacture appearing. Doctors and Researchers also have studies prove that chocolates are helpful to prevent heart diseases. Thus, more and more customers choose healthy chocolates such as dark chocolates and organic chocolates. Steady price increase of milk and sugar. The escalation of prices of the main ingredients such as cocoa, milk and sugar has forced companies to increase prices. Strategic Management Factors for Going Global Near the end of 2010, Hershey’s entered into a deal with Wal-Mart (known as Asda in the UK) to sell Hershey’s products in Europe. Hershey’s has never been sold in the U.K. However, Hershey’s will have to modify their products in order to do so. Hershey’s uses genetically modified ingredients in the U.S. and Asda does not sell products that include GM ingredients (Glaberson, 2010). Obviously, Hershey want to enter global market needs to adjust their ingredients at first. The ingredients use for North America doesn’t mean it fit European or Asian Market. These improvements have been based on understanding local culture. What’s more, Hershey should pay more attentions on their chocolate packages. They develop different series packages of chocolate in different countries. Hershey’s white and brown can be market as classic series. They can add more colorful packages to attract children’s attentions. For example, in China, Red is a strong color which means wealth and happiness. Hershey can make red packages chocolates in China. In a shot, Hershey want to expand internationally, they must integrate into each country’s culture. As a global brand, Hershey’s try to cover all people in different ages and status. However, from its advertisements, its’ major customers are children, teenagers and young generations. Actually, most of these groups of customers haven’t economic capability to buy chocolate themselves. Adults and parents usually pay money for them. Thus, healthy ingredients are very important factors may affect parents’ willingness to pay chocolates to their children. Especially in European and Asian, parents are very focus on children’s nutrition. Hershey’s products are mainly focus on young generations. However, if Hershey wants to expand international, Hershey needs more products are focus on household and adults. For example, Hershey can develop chocolate flavor coffee drinks, chocolate sauces, and chocolate gums. Now, the major of Hershey employees are from North United. To entering foreign market, Hershey has to hire more foreign employees and build international team. Hershey’s designers should know more about foreign culture. They can not only insistent of their American style. Even executives of Hershey’s should have some international backgrounds and experiences. Hershey can hire some executives who have international background and experiences. At the same time, Hershey can send their design team to the county they want entering. Having better understanding of local culture, Hershey can have better design and marketing methods to meet local customers’ needs. Hershey should has its’ online shop. As far as now, Hershey only have official website of 8 countries. As show on the picture below, they are the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, India, Korea, and Japan. In today’s business world, online shopping is becoming a tendency. A large amount of households shop online daily. Hershey should build their official online store like its competitor Mar’s. Hershey can sell both regular and customized chocolates online (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). . Competitive Advantages Analysis The chocolate market share is increasing globally. Customer loyalty is competitively lower than other industry. Websites are increasing in quality and ease for all users. HERSHEY’S offers many unique products and services to many different kinds of customers by using their official websites. What’s more, Hershey has great partnership with North America wholesalers and retailers such as Wal-Mart, Sam’s club, and Walgreen. Hershey has advantages on high domestic market shares. 43% of US domestic chocolate market share provide Hershey’s stable sales. Thus, Hershey should make its’ development base on steady their US market (CNN, 2011). Community We make donations of cash and products in countries across the globe where we have a presence. For example, last week I shopped at Walgreen, the cashier asked me if I want to donate Hershey chocolate to help US army. I choose yes, and most customers donate a Hershey chocolate bar which cost them 50cent. Hershey is willing to help community and does their social responsibility. What’s more, Hershey encourages and supports the involvement of our employees in a wide range of community-improvement activities. Workplace As a global corporation, Hershey ensures a safe workplace. Safety performance is a company priority, and Hershey’s overarching safety goal is to consistently achieve best-in-class safety performance (THEHERSHEYCOMPANY, 2011). The Hershey Company has a long history of promoting health and wellness for its employees, their families and the community. Hershey offers personal training and massage and fitness room at office locations. Hershey engages employees to get fit and stay well. Environment Hershey increase use of sustainable packaging since 2009. Now they are working on a process to define opportunities to reduce the amount of materials they use by for example, optimizing seal sizes and implementing new technologies, and to identify and test sustainable packaging alternatives (Glaberson, 2010). All of these factors help Hershey build a great reputation in North America. Hershey has already get success at North America market. Thus, it’s time for Hershey focus on expanding its’ foreign market. Conclusion Culture today is heavily focused on personnel health. In the past few decades, people have become much more aware of the various factors that negatively affect their health and work hard to avoid them. As a general rule, chocolate and other candy are viewed as an unhealthy snack. Therefore, Hershey needs to continue to expand and market healthy products in order to gain a greater market share for example, low calories, low fat chocolates bars. Moreover, Hershey can put focus on dark chocolate which is popular among ladies (Jones, 2010). Second, Hershey should pay more attentions on its’ gums and chocolate flavor coffee drinks. For example, In Asia, chocolate market is competitively mature. There are already many local brands. Thus, to better entering Asian Market, Hershey only focus on its’ chocolate products is not enough. To expand global market, Hershey has to invest in advertisement. What’s more, Hershey can keep working on their charity activities, and foundations. To help people from all over the world, Hershey can set up foundations in different countries. Price and quality are two keys determine the success of entering foreign markets. Hershey should still keep its’ affordable price with best quality. Hershey can corporate with local chocolate maker with manufacture and packaging to reduce their cost. The hierarchy of Hershey Company should be more international. Hershey needs to hire more designers, executives, and employees with international background or experiences. The commercialization of many holidays is continuing to expand and the popularity of gifts for these holidays is also increasing. Hershey can provide holiday products in outlets also their website (i.e., Hallmark, Barnes and Noble). These Traditional holidays (i.e., Christmas, Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day, and Halloween) allows Hershey to optimize the importance of their specialty gift products. By providing specialized gift products,  Hershey can increase their sales and expand quickly in foreign market. Finally, Hershey can design different product lines. For example, Hershey can use its source entering organic chocolate market. Hershey’s organic chocolate faces to European, developed countries which their cultures are more focus organic food. The premium product line can help improve Hershey’s brand images. Also, it can meet more customers’ needs. References ACALORIECOUNTER. (2013, October 16). Candy & Chocolate Bars Compared Hershey’s, Nestle and Mars Nutrition Facts. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://www.acaloriecounter.com/candy-chocolate.php Glaberson, H. (2010). Hershey to launch confectionery brands in UK and Europe. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://www.confectionerynews.com/Manufacturers/Hershey-to-launch-confectionery-brands-in-UK-and-Europe CNN. (2013). Global 500: Hershey. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/snapshots/2190.html THEHERSHEYCOMPANY. (2011, December 31). Hershey Corporate Social responsibility progress report 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://www.thehersheycompany.com/assets/pdfs/hersheycompany/Hershey2011CSRReport.pdf CNN. (2011, April 1). Hershey’s raises prices nearly 10%. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://edition.cnn.com/2011/BUSINESS/03/31/hershey.prices/index.html Jones, D. (2010, January 26). Nestle waits for market pressures to soften Hershey. REUTERS. Retrieved March 18, 2013, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/26/us-nestle-analysis-idUSTRE60P31A20100126 Markman, J. (2012, September 4). Hershey Starting to Suga r-Coat the World. Investor Place. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://investorplace.com/2012/09/hershey-is-sugar-coating-the-world-hsy/

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Essay

Procedure Until recently it was not uncommon for patients admitted to an acute care facility to have an indwelling catheter anchored for unnecessary reasons. Patients that came in thru the emergency department typically were sent to the units with unnecessary indwelling catheters in place and it was not unusual for a surgery patient to have an indwelling catheter anchored before or during a procedure. Once a patient was admitted and was transported to the units nursing would also anchor indwelling catheters for multiple unnecessary reasons. These Catheters could be anchored for many unnecessary days and in some cases until discharge. In 2008 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) initiated a policy change to no longer reimburse hospitals for additional cost that were incurred due to catheter associated urinary tract infections or in another term CAUT’Is (Palmer, 2013). The CMS recognized that CAUTI’s are the most common type of hospital acquired infection. The CMS also determined that when evidence based practices are initiated and followed they can be highly preventable, leading to a change in practice. Current Practice Up until 2012 there were no policies pertaining to the anchoring or removal of indwelling catheters in the facility I work for. Nursing would complete their assessment of the patients and per their discretion they would determine if an indwelling catheter by their standards is appropriate. An indwelling catheter could be deemed appropriate according to nursing for multiple reasons including; urinary incontinence, retention, convenience, pressure ulcers, strict output recordings and in some cases per patient request. The nurse was required to obtain an order from the physician in order to anchor a catheter and most cases the physician would comply. After the nurse anchored a catheter it would most likely stay anchored until discharge or until and order was given by the physician to discontinue it.  These procedures lead to the unnecessary length of times catheters were kept in place and the need for change. Rational and Explanation Even though in 2008 Medicare and Medicaid changed their reimbursement policies it wasn’t unit 2012 when the Joint Commission added guidelines for the prevention of CAUTI’s and the facility I work for initiated change. Prior to the Joint Commission’s new guidelines management relied on nursing to make the proper decisions for their patients and supported nursing when they deemed it necessary to anchor a catheter. In 2012 when the guidelines were initiated management chose to follow them when evidence based research supported CAUTI’s were preventable when the appropriate protocols were followed. Hospital management initiated evidence based practices that were supported by CMS and the Joint Commission that would assist nursing on when anchoring a catheter was necessary. The team responsible for these changes included the clinical manager in charge of all medical surgical units, each medical surgical unit manager where these changes were to take place and the medical surgical educator. This team reviewed evidence based research and practices on how to improve CAUTI’s and thru this research came up with a plan to implement nurse driven protocols that would be beneficial to our facility. These protocols instructed nursing, thru protocols on the patient’s EMR to guide nursing when anchoring a catheter would be appropriated and it also gave nursing the ability to remove a catheter when it was deemed unnecessary. After the protocols were initiated management began to notice a decrease in the use of catheters and a decrease in CAUTI’s resulting in cost effectiveness and higher patient satisfaction scores for the hospital. References Bernard, Michael S, Hunter, Kathleen F, Moore, Katherine N. (2012). A Review of Strategies to Decrease the Duration of Indwelling Urethral Catheters and Potentially Reduce the Incidence of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Urologic Nursing, 32 (1): 29-37. Carter, Nina M, Reitmeier, Laura, Goodloe, Lauren R. (2014). An Evidence-Based Approach To the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Urologic Nursing, 34 (5): 238-45. Hooton, T., Bradley, S., Cardenas, D., Colgan, R., Geerlings, S., Rice, J., Nicolle, L. (2010). Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary track infection in adults: 2009 international clinical practice guidelinges from the infectious diseases society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(March): 625-663. Knoll, Bettina M.; Wright, Deborah; Ellingson, LeAnn; Kraemer, Linda; Patire, Ronald; Kuskowski, Michael A.; Johnson, James R. (2011). Reduction of Inappropriate Urinary Catheter Use at a Veterans Affairs Hospital Through a Multifaceted Quality Improvement Project. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Vol. 52 Issue 11, 1283-1290. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir188. Mori, C. (2014). A-Voiding Catastrophe: Implementing a Nurse-Driven Protocol. MedSurg Nursing. 23 (1), 15-28. Clinical Implications An implemented change that would reduce the rates of CAUTI’s in acute health care facilities would be evidence based nurse lead protocols. The protocols would not only benefit the hospitals but they would also contribute to patient satisfaction scores. Approximately 80% of all nosocomial infections are contributed to CAUTI’s and are the most common form of nosocomial infections (Knoll, 2011). Some of the symptoms that contribute to the patients discomfort include hematuria, flank pain, fever and in some cases altered mental status. After a patient develops a CAUTI the patient receives the recommended treatment of antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic therapy could last up to 7 days which could result in an increase of stay (Hooton et al., 2010). Evidence supports that when nurse led or informatics led interventions are implemented CAUTI’s were decreased (Bernard, 2012). The interventions that assist in the prevention of  CAUTI’s are protocol bundles that include insertion policies, removal policies, maintenance policies and competency training (Carter, 2014). If the proper prevention measures are implemented patient satisfaction scores would improve, infection rates would improve leading to a decrease infection rate and shortening patient’s length of stay. Recommended Changes If the prevention protocols that are listed above were implemented changes would occur that would lead to multiple benefits for both the acute care facilities and the patients. Extended hospital days due to CAUTI’s has added to approximately 90,000 days per year and due to Medicaid and Medicare no longer paying the associated cost for CAUTI’s the hospitals out of pocket expenses are estimated at approximately 424 million dollars per year (Mori, 2014). The changes that are discussed and supported in this research paper would have a positive impact on decreasing this data. If the protocols are implemented not only would they benefit the patient’s but they would also benefit the hospitals. Patients would have a decrease risk in acquiring nosocomial infections and hospitals would have the opportunity to use the millions they are losing to benefit the patients. The hospitals could apply the money they are losing for research and/or other areas to improve overall satis faction, increasing hospital census. Stakeholders The stakeholders in implementing this change at the facility I work for would be the unit managers and the nurse educators in the units where these changes would take place. For the unit managers the increased costs that are acquired due to CAUTI’s would have a direct impact on them along with the patient’s overall satisfaction scores. The evidence based research that would be implemented would be presented to the unit managers and the nurse educators. The unit mangers would be the ones to determine if and when the new protocols would take effect. The nurse educators would be the ones educating staff on the new protocols and would be a vital part of evaluating the protocols along with suggesting and implementing changes if necessary. Change would happen in stages with the first stage being the unfreezing stage. This stage occurs when stakeholders receive the information on a change along with supporting evidence to why the change would be beneficial. The second step would be the moving stage. This is the stage when goals  and dates are set to when the change is to take place. The refreezing stage is the last stage. The refreezing stage is when the change is implemented and becomes hospital protocol. The end stage is when the nursing staff would need the most support until the change becomes the hospitals new standard (Cherry & Jacob, 2010). The steps listed will assist getting everyone on board with the change and complying with it. Barriers Anytime when new protocols or procedures are implemented barriers may occur. Not everyone is open to change and many may have a hard time adjusting. Many nurses have been following the same policies and procedures for many years and may be noncompliant due to habit. Another barrier may be the patients, â€Å"frequent fliers† or patients that frequent the hospital regularly have become accustomed to old protocols and may not be receptive to change. The frequent fliers are used to coming in and requesting catheters so they don’t have to get up to the bathroom or if they have incontinency issues. Management and the educators will have to work diligently with nursing to initiate change and nursing may have a difficult time adjusting to the change along with educating patients and enforcing the protocols. Strategies Strategies to overcome the barriers of change would include using Lewin’s Change Theory. This theory suggests that change should be initiated slowly and making the necessary changes with only the staff that would be involved (Cherry & Jacob, 2010). Management and the nursing educator should provide staff with the evidence based research as to why the change is being made so nursing can understand why the change is necessary. By following these strategies nursing may be more compliant with the change and can be better advocates for the patients. Application of Findings CDC guidelines recommend catheters to be inserted for necessary reasons which include urinary retention, strict intake and output, certain surgical procedures, healing for pressure ulcers in incontinent patients and in palliative care patients (Gray, 2010). As research has provided indwelling catheters should be placed only when deemed necessary and removed when they are unnecessary. The facility I work for along with quality control  and the nursing educator put together CAUTI prevention strategies using evidence based research practices. Protocols were initiated in the patient’s electronic medical record (EMR) that would assist nursing in making the right decision whether to cath or not and when it would be appropriate to remove an indwelling catheter. The charge nurses monitor the number of catheters each unit has and researches if they are deemed appropriate to keep anchored. All of these measures have decreased the occurrences of CAUTI’s in the facility I work for. Continued monitoring by quality control is still needed to insure assessments are completed properly and to monitor if the measure the protocols are working. References Bernard, Michael S, Hunter, Kathleen F, Moore, Katherine N. (2012). A Review of Strategies to Decrease the Duration of Indwelling Urethral Catheters and Potentially Reduce the Incidence of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Urologic Nursing, 32 (1): 29-37. Carter, Nina M, Reitmeier, Laura, Goodloe, Lauren R. (2014). An Evidence-Based Approach To the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Urologic Nursing, 34 (5): 238-45. Cherry, B., & Jacob, S. (2010). Contemporary Nursing: Issues, Trends, and Management. (5th ed.) St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Gray, M. (2010). Reducing catheter associated urinary tract infection in the critical care unit. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 20(3), 247-257. Hooton, T., Bradley, S., Cardenas, D., Colgan, R., Geerlings, S., Rice, J., Nicolle, L. (2010). Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary track infection in adults: 2009 international clinical practice guidelinges from the infectious diseases society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(March): 625-663. Knoll, Bettina M.; Wright, Deborah; Ellingson, LeAnn; Kraemer, Linda; Patire, Ronald; Kuskowski, Michael A.; Johnson, James R. (2011). Reduction of Inappropriate Urinary Catheter Use at a Veterans Affairs Hospital Through a Multifaceted Quality Improvement Project. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Vol. 52 Issue 11, 1283-1290. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir188. Mori, C. (2014). A-Voiding Catastrophe: Implementing a Nurse-Driven Protocol. MedSurg Nursing. 23 (1), 15-28.

Human and Nature relationship Essay Example

Human and Nature relationship Essay Example Human and Nature relationship Paper Human and Nature relationship Paper Humans are gradually becoming more aware of the need to move towards a sustainable future with nature. Our well beings and extravagant lifestyles largely depend on the resources provided to us by the environment and without them, we wont be able to survive for long. In order to move towards sustainability, we, humans, need to create a symbiosis relationship, one where we both give and take from nature, rather than persisting with the parasitic relationship we have right now, where we take without giving anything back. So what Is sustainability? The fact Is, there Is no simple definition of the term sustainability; the term changes slightly with each definition depending on the perspective It Is written from as well as the values and beliefs held by the writer. The general Idea most people have of sustainability Involves living with the surrounding environment In a way that will allow both the system and the environment to continue surviving comfortably (Bender, 2013). Another popular deflation of sustainability Is the capacity or ability of something to maintain Itself ( what Is sustalnabllltV2008). Both these definitions re different in that one has an anthracic nature and is more specific, while the other could be applied to any living thing; however, it should be noted they both revolve around the maintenance of oneself, though Helen Benders definition also involves the maintenance of ones surrounding as the quality of humankinds future is dependent on it. The reality is, humans need nature in order to survive which explains the urgency to establish a sustainable relationship with nature. Everything we have originates from nature which has finite resources and as history shows, without these resources, our violation, like the Easter Island, will most likely collapse. The Easter Island is arguably an epitome of the impacts of the overexploitation of resources. It is said that the fall of the Easter Island civilization is largely the result of the destruction to their environment; as wood was not a part of their currency, the motivation to conserve the non-renewable resource did not exist, and as such the deforestation of the island occurred (Diamond, 2003). Though other factors did contribute to the collapse of the civilization, such as the overpopulation of rats (Hunt,2006) and their isolation from there islands, the strapping of the island started the domino effect that effectively ended the civilization. On the other hand, communities like the Aboriginals that lived as part of the environment were able to thrive and survive for countless years (approximately 50,000 years (Australian Aboriginals History Timeline 2013)). The deep reverence they held for nature along with the practices they exercised allowed them to live with nature In a way that allowed both parties to benefit from the relationship. For instance, burning practices, where certain areas were purposely set n fire In order to promote the growth of certain species of plants and other organisms, such as tubular flowers, occurred once every few years. This traditional not only exterminated unwanted shrubs and weeds, It also promoted grasslands that provided native species, such as kangaroos, with food (World, 2012). These are but two examples of how essential nature is to a civilization and how ones relationship we have today originates from nature and without it, we would not have food, oil, houses, cars and everything we believe to be vital to our daily lives. In order to preserve our current lifestyle and the lifestyles of the future generations, we need to be able to learn to incorporate nature into our lives, but before any action is to be taken, we need to first learn to respect nature. Hundreds of definitions exist for the term nature. A definition of nature is anything, organic or inorganic, that was not created or altered by human activity (Low et al, 2005). Though this definition is not wrong, it does not cover the extent of alteration something natural can undergo before it is considered to be unnatural. For example, a bush in someones back yard as been removed from its original location and is occasionally trimmed and fertilized, and yet, most people would still consider it to be a part of nature. A better definition of nature would be anything, organic or inorganic, that was not created or altered to a point where it is unrecognizable from its original resource by human activity. Respecting nature, in by no way, means that we should stop going out into the wilderness, nor does it mean that we should live in mud huts and become vegans. Think of a person you respect and the way you treat them because of it. Do you avoid them? Do you take advantage of them? No. Though you may regard them with high esteem, you probably would not go out of you way to avoid them, in fact, you would probably try to include them in your life, so why cant we do the same with nature? An ideal way of incorporating nature into our lives is to move towards the construction of green cities. This could mean more parks, the encouragement of growing plants on apartments and office buildings, and the use of a sustainable energy source such as solar energy. This not only takes us a step closer Tao sustainable future, it also has psychological benefits such as relaxation and stress lease (Davis, 2004). Though people are starting to see the advantages of building green cities, various factors have to be considered; aesthetic factors as well as the economic cost are among the most important elements which have to be regarded. In order to build a green city that will have an impact on the planet, we need the majority of the citys citizens to be behind the movement, and to do so, the additions to the area have to be pleasing to the eye (no one wants an ugly view). In addition, the price of the changes and well as future maintenance have to be affordable to the argue part of the population because, as one can imagine, if only 2% of the city can afford to make the change, then there will not be a significant impact. Another factor that would impact the decisions of the citizens would be their degree of respect. Without respect for nature, we will not change. Australians dispose approximately eight billion dollars worth of food each year (Do Australians waste $8 billion worth of edible food each year? , 2013); we act as if we own the environment, when, in reality, the survival of humankind depends on it and the fact is, natures resources are finite ND can only last for so long, especially if we persist with our current habits. If we are to change, we need to realize this fact and start showing our respect though the protection and maintenance of nature because as of now, the planet would be better off without us. Human impact, and a large number of them are negative impacts. Take Coherency as an example. In 1986, an explosion at a nuclear power plant in Coherency released large quantities of radioactive particles into the air which spread to western USSR and parts of Europe. This incident not only effected humans, but also the environment around the area. The damage to these areas severely effected the ecological system, the radioactive particles no only killed and altered the plants, it also effected the ground water and cause mutations to various animals (Fallacy, 2013). Incidents like this happened several times throughout history (Hiroshima and Opal to name a few), which brings up the question: would this planet be better off without the existence of humans? Though it is true that we, humans, have cause uncountable damages to this planet, it is also true that we have ingrained ourselves onto the Earth in a way that will cause further destruction if we were to one day disappear. Buildings and other infrastructure require the maintenance of humans in order to stay standing. The things we see as permanent are not really so and without us, they would eventually collapse. It is true that, in the (very)long term, nature will triumph, but not before taking heavy damage. Dams will start to wear down and eventually break causing floods, and nuclear power plants will start to leak (Varies, 2008). Furthermore, certain species that rely on humans to survive, such as jugs, could go extinct as they are not adapted to survive in the wild (Varies, 2008). A large flaw In our species (humankind) is that the majority of us do not learn from the past and so we make the same mistake over and over again, mistakes that the planet, as well as ourselves, have to take the consequence for. For instance, though we know that the fall of the Easter Islanders was largely due to their mistreatment of the environment, we are still making the same mistake today as they did then; we use resources like its infinite and are not able to foresee the consequences of our action. Maybe its due to our selfishness, or maybe its Just ignorance, but the outcomes of out actions will impact the future generations as well as nature itself. It is crucial to establish a relationship with nature that is beneficial to both parties and only then, will we be able to call ourselves a sustainable species. Nature provides us with everything we have and need in order to survive, so without it, humankind will not last long. It is because of the substantial amount of damages that the planet has taken from us humans, that the need to take action is urgent.