Black Panther Party A New Political Organization

Black Panther Party In the fall of 1966, a new political organization, based out of Oakland, California came into view and started to gain acceleration. Seeking a new alternative to King’s non-violence and civil disobedience stance, the Black Panther Party was created. The party was known as the largest Black revolutionary organization created in history. Its founders Huey P. Newton, an African-American political activist and Bobby Seale (a political activist as well). While attending the University of San Francisco School of Law, here is where Huey met Bobby Seale. The two were â€Å"involved with political groups at the school before they set out to create one of their own†. Along with Newton and seale the other original members of Panthers†¦show more content†¦We felt we had been pushed back long enough and that it was time for Negroes to come out and take over. After seeing a pamphlet with the organization s mascot, Huey was inspired by the imagery and the meaning being the p anther, he would soon adopt the animal as a symbol for his later organization we know today as the Black Panther Party. The Black Panthers founders created the party in hopes fixing social injustices that many African Americans faced during the 1960s. Because of the frequent marches and protests the sixties were known as the time of Social Revolution. Black Power was a widely repeated phrase during that time as a result of the many organizations that were created during this time to help aid African americans in their battle to gain economic and social equality. Members of the association would frequently go to where arrests were taking place and watch for any signs of abuse. The Panthers created several community programs such as â€Å"free breakfast for children, to free health clinics, to rent strikes resulting in tenant ownership of their buildings, to Liberation School for grade-schoolers, to free clothing drives, to campaigns for community control of schools, community control of police, and campaigns to stop drugs, crime, and police murder and brutality in the various Black colonies

Explaining Cam And Its Followers Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(183) " During the autumn part of the Cam motion the follower must be maintained in contact with the Cam either by the mass of the follower and its mechanism or, more normally, by a spring\." BASIC DEFINITION OF CAM â€Å" A Cam is a mechanical constituent of a machine that is used to convey gesture to another constituent, called the follower, through a prescribed gesture plan by direct contact. † Introduction TO CAM AND FOLLOWERS A Cam follower, besides known as a path follower, [ 1 ] is a specialised type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow Cams. Cam followings come in a huge array of different constellations, nevertheless the most defining feature is how the Cam follower saddle horses to its copulating portion ; stud manner Cam followings use a he-man while the yoke manner has a hole through the center. We will write a custom essay sample on Explaining Cam And Its Followers Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now [ 2 ] The first Cam follower was invented and patented in 1937 by Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manufacturing Company. [ 3 ] It replaced utilizing merely a standard bearing and bolt. The new Cam followings were easier to utilize because the he-man was already included and they could besides manage higher tonss. [ / CAM AND MECHANISMS A Cam mechanism consists of three elements: the Cam, the follower ( or follower system ) , and the frame. The follower is in direct contact with the Cam. The Cam may be of assorted forms. The follower system includes all of the elements to which gesture is imparted by the Cam. This may be connected straight to the follower, or connected through linkages and pitching. The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the Cam and for the follower. A CAM changes the input gesture, which is normally rotary gesture ( a revolving gesture ) , to a reciprocating gesture of the follower. They are found in many machines and playthings WHAT IS THE CONCEPT BEHIND CAM? A CAM is a revolving machine component which gives reciprocating or hovering gesture to another component known as follower. The Cam and follower has a point or line contact represent a higher brace or you can state that it is the mechanicl constituent of a machine that is used to convey the gesture to the another constituent of the machine called the follower, through a prescribed plan by direct contact.The contact between them is maintained by an external force which is by and large provided by the spring or sometimes by the weight of the follower itself, when it is sufficient. Cam is the driver member and the follower is the goaded member. The follower is in direct contact with the Cam. CAM MECHANISM CONSIST OF THREE MECHANISMS Cam: It may be of many forms Follower: It includes all the elements to which gesture is imparted by the cam.This may be connected straight by the cam.This may be connected straight to the follower, or connected through linkages and geartrain. Frame: The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the Cam and for the follower. APPLICATIONS OF CAM AND FOLLOWERS Cam and follower are widely used for runing recess and exhaust valve of I C engine. These are used in wall clock. These are used in provender mechanism of automatic lathe Machine. These are used in paper film editing machine. Used in weaving fabric machineries. The Cam mechanism is a various 1. It can be designed to bring forth about limitless types of gesticulating the follower. It is used to transform a rotary gesture into a translating or hovering gesture. On certain occasions, it is besides used to transform one translating or hovering gesture into a different translating or hovering gesture. River cams are used in a broad assortment of automatic machines and instruments. The certain usuages of Cam and followings that includes fabric machineries, computing machines, publishing imperativenesss, nutrient processing machines, internal burning engines, and countless other automatic machines, control systems and devices. The Cam mechanism is so a really of import constituent in modern mechanisation. Categorization OF CAMS Based on the physical form Disk or home base Cams Working of the phonograph record Cam with reciprocating follower. Working of the phonograph record Cam with hovering follower. Cylindrical Cam Translating Cam Categorization OF FOLLOWES ( I ) Based on surface in contact ( a ) Knife border follower ( B ) Roller follower ( degree Celsius ) Flat faced follower ( vitamin D ) Spherical follower ( two ) Based on type of gesture Hovering followe Translating follower ( three ) Based on line of action Radial ( in line ) follower ( B ) Off-set follower River cams can be handily classified into two chief groups Group a: River cams that impart gesture to the follower in a plane in line with the axis of rotary motion of the Cam ( as does a cylindrical Cam ) . Group B: River cams that impart gesture to the follower in a plane at 90 grades to the axis of rotary motion, as with face or border cams.Most cams autumn into this class. TYPES OF CAMS Bizarre Cam: A round Cam is frequently called an bizarre Cam because the axis of rotary motion of the Cam is offset from the geometric centre of the round phonograph record. Concentric phonograph record: A homocentric phonograph record attached to a rotating shaft would hold its axis of rotary motion co-occuring with its geometric centre. PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMS: Pear-shaped Cam: These type Cams are frequently used for commanding valves. For illustration, they are used on motor auto camshafts to run the engine valves. A follower controlled by a pear-shaped Cam remains inactive for about half a revolution of the Cam. During the clip that the follower is stationary, the Cam is in a dwell period. During the other half revolution of the Cam, the follower rises and so falls. As the pearshaped Cam is symmetrical, the rise gesture is the same as the autumn gesture. Edge Cams It must be appreciated that this type of Cam, where the follower is in contact with the border of the Cam phonograph record, is merely capable of leaving positive gesture to its follower in one way, that is, during the rise part of the cam motion. During the autumn part of the Cam motion the follower must be maintained in contact with the Cam either by the mass of the follower and its mechanism or, more normally, by a spring. Both methods have their advantages. Box Cams A channel can be milled in the face of cam phonograph record. As the Cam rotates, a follower located in the channel has its gesture guided by the channel. This type of Cam is called a box Cam. Cylindrical Cams: Cylindrical Cams are used when gesture has to be transmitted parallel to the axis of rotary motion of the Cam. The cylindrical or barrel Cam consists of a revolving cylinder with a coiling ( sleep together shaped ) channel in its curvedsurface. A follower with a tapering roller terminal is located in the channel. As the cylinder turns, the follower moves in a consecutive line analogue to the axis of the rotary motion barrel Cam. This type of Cam is frequently used to steer yarn on run uping machines, looms and fabric doing machines. Round Cam: These Cams are sometimes called bizarre Cam. The Cam profile is a circle. The centre of rotary motion of the Cam is frequently from the geometric centre of the circle. The round Cam produces a smooth signifier of gesture called a simple harmonic gesture. These Cams are frequently used to bring forth gesture in pumps. Round Cams are frequently used to run steam engine valves. As the Cam is symmetrical, the rise and autumn gestures are the same. HEART SHAPED CAMS: This Cam causes the follower to travel with a unvarying speed. Cordate Cams are indispensable when the follower gesture demands to be unvarying or steady as, for illustration, in the mechanism that winds thread equally on the spool of a sewing machine. A cordate Cam can be used for weaving wire equally on the former of a solenoid. UNIFORM ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION CAMS: A Cam shaped as shown controls the gesture of the follower so that it moves with unvarying acceleration and deceleration. The follower additions and looses speed at a changeless rate. Uniform acceleration and deceleration Cams are used to command the gesture of linkages in complex machinery. Types of Cam Followers There are three types of Cam followings, and since the type of follower influences the profile of the Cam it is worthwhile sing the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The three types are the knife-edge, the roller follower and the patrolman or mushroom follower. The Knife Edge Follower: This is the simplest type, is non frequently used due to the rapid rate of wear. When it is adopted, it is normally for reciprocating gesture, running in slides and there is considerable side push, this being a constituent of the push from the Cam. The Roller Follower: This eliminates the job of rapid wear since the skiding consequence is mostly replaced by a roller action. Some sliding will still take topographic point due to the changing peripheral velocity of the Cam profile, due to the altering radius of the point of contact. Note besides that the radial place of the contact between the Cam and the roller, comparative to the follower centre, will alter harmonizing to whether a rise or autumn gesture is taken topographic point: this fact has to be considered when building the Cam profile. Again, with the roller follower, considerable side pushs are present, a disadvantage when covering with reciprocating gestures. This side push will be increased when utilizing little rollers. The Flat Foot or Mushroom Follower: This has the advantage that the lone side push nowadays is that due to the clash between the follower and the Cam. The job of wear is non so great as with the knife-edge follower, since the point of contact between the Cam and follower will travel across the face of the follower harmonizing to the alteration of form of the Cam. A fast one to decrease farther the consequence of wear is to plan the follower to be capable of axial rotary motion and set up the axis of the follower to lie to one side of the Cam. Thus the contact with the Cam will be given to do rotary motion of the follower. The Cam profile, to work with a patrolman follower, must be convex at all parts, in order to forestall the corners of the follower delving into the Cam profile. The minimal Cam radius should be every bit little as possible to minimise sliding speed and clash. All three types of Cam followings can be mounted in the undermentioned ways: 1 ) In-line with the Cam centre line, 2 ) Offset from the Cam centre line, or 3 ) Mounted on a singing radial arm. CAM-VALVE CAM TERMINOLOGY Trace point: A theoretical point on the follower, matching to the point of a fabricated knife-edge follower. It is used to bring forth the pitch curve. In the instance of a roller follower, the hint point is at the centre of the roller. 2.Pitch curve: The way generated by the hint point at the follower is rotated about a stationary Cam. 3. Working curve: The working surface of a Cam in contact with the follower. For the knife-edge follower of the home base Cam, the pitch curve and the working curves coincide. In a stopping point or grooved Cam there is an interior profile and an outer working curve. 4. Flip circle: A circle from the Cam centre through the pitch point. The pitch circle radius is used to cipher a Cam of minimal size for a given force per unit area angle. 5. Prime circle ( cite circle ) : The smallest circle from the Cam centre through the pitch curve. 6. Base circle: The smallest circle from the Cam centre through the Cam profile curve. 7. Stroke or throw: The greatest distance or angle through which the follower moves or rotates. 8. Follower supplanting: The place of the follower from a particular nothing or rest place ( normally its the place when the follower contacts with the basal circle of the Cam ) in relation to clip or the rotary angle of the Cam. 9. Pressure angle: The angle at any point between the normal to the pitch curve and the instantaneous way of the follower gesture. This angle is of import in cam design because it represents the abruptness of the Cam profile. Some inquiry arises sing Cams and followings: When is a level faced follower preferred as compared to roller followings and why? Flat faced followings are preferred to roller followings where infinite is limited for eg: Cams with level followings are used to run valves of an car engine but in instance of stationary and oil engines, roller followings are preferred because more infinite is available. What information is plotted on displacement diagram of Cam and follower gesture? Autonomic nervous system: Plot of additive supplanting i.e. lift or shot ( s ) of follower ( on Y axis way ) versus angular supplanting ( I? ) of the Cam for one rotary motion ( on Ten axis way ) REFRENCES: WIKIPEDIA. McGILL CAMROLL bearings. Robinson, Thomas L. , â€Å" Bearing † , US How to cite Explaining Cam And Its Followers Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Evolution of Computers Essay Example For Students

Evolution of Computers Essay How many inventions in your lifetime can you think of that have changed everything in our society today? Computers have taken over todays society. From everyday tasks to moving satellites in space, PCs have revolutionized almost everything in our society. Computers werent always this complicated though, and were around a long time before anyone even knew what the word computer meant. The Abacus was the first known machine developed to help perform mathematical equations. From what researchers have discovered it was invented around 500 to 600 BC in an area around China or Egypt. This early tool was used to perform addition and subtraction and can still be found used in some of todays Middle Eastern cultures. In 650 AD the Hindus invented a written symbol for zero. Before this no true written calculations could be made, making this one of the most essential inventions to help computers. In 830 AD the first mathematics textbook was invented by a man named Mohammed Ibn Musa Abu Djefar. The subject of this textbook he wrote was Al Gebr Wel Mukabala which in todays society is known as Algebra (History of Computers). So what does all of this have to do with computers? Well without numbers computers wouldnt exist or have any reason to exist. The whole point of a computer is to perform mathematical computations. Computers werent the first to do these mathematical calculations though. In 1623 AD Wilhelm Schickard invented The Calculating Clock which would perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In the year 1801 Jacquard Loom devised a punch card system with a power loom and an automatic card reader. Later that century in 1890 Herman Hollerith invented a census calculator that put each persons information on a punch card and sent it through an electrical/mechanical tabulating machine. This sped up the process from about 7 years to 2 years making this a very efficient method of performing a census, which in turn helped spread it around the world (History of Computers). Jump to the year 1937 when John V. Atanasoff invented the first electronic computer. This computer and others below, unless otherwise stated, were made using vacuum tubes, an electronic device in which conduction by electrons takes place through a vacuum within a sealed glass or metal container and which has various uses based on the controlled flow of electrons (Dictionary.com). From 1941 to 1954 the governments of various countries started developing different computers for different purposes (Sandiego 1). The year of 1941 was a very important year for computers. It marks the year the first fully functional program controlled computer was invented. This pc was developed in secret by Konrad Zuse and was called the Z3. It was the first to introduce the general architecture for todays microprocessor. In the picture below the items seem simple, but at the time this was very advanced. This was the start of the true evolution of computers. After this, from 1943 to 1954, governments and r esearch teams continued to pump out different computers. The last of the vacuum tube computers was created in 1954, and was called the SAGE aircraft warning system. This was the largest vacuum tube computer system every built (Sandiego 1). These were all first generation computers. Second generation computers utilized transistors instead of vacuum tubes and were invented from around 1954-1959. In 1950 NBS (The National Bureau of Standards) created SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer). This system used over 10,000 germanium diodes, germanium is a semiconductor that is more expensive than silicon but better suited and more efficient than silicon, and was used to solve over 50 unrelated scientific problems per day. In 1959 GE, General Electric Corporation, made an ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting) computer system for the Bank of America in California. This system introduced automation in banking, which later helped with the creation of ATMs (Sandiego 2). The era of third generation computers was from 1959-1971 and they utilized ICs (Integrated Circuits) for these computers. In 1959 Jack Kilby, of Texas instruments, patented the first IC. The first commercial IC product was a hearing aid made and produced in 1963. IBM produced SABRE in 1964 for American Airlines. Its a tracking system for ticket reservations, which helped speed up the reservation process considerably. DEC was the creator of the first mini-computer called the PDP-8. It was one of the first mini-computers made in mass production that pretty much anyone could afford at the time. In 1969 the DOD, Department of Defense, developed the precursor to the internet which was called ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). This was an experimental WAN (Wide Area Network) that would survive a nuclear war. (Sandiego 3)Fourth generation PCs were the first to use microprocessors and were in the era of 1971 to 1987. Gilbert Hyatt patented the microprocessor in 1971. Later that year Ted Hoff, of Intel, introduced new microprocessors to use in calculators. IBM arrived with the first 8 in. floppy disk. They also started using these microprocessors in unison with LCD screens in calculators and watches. November of that year Intel introduced the first microcomputer to the public called the MCS-4. In 1972 Nolan Bushnell introduced the arcade game to the public with Computer Space. Later that year he also created and introduced Atari and the game Pong to the public which became the beginnings of todays Video Gamer. The next year in 73 IBM developed the first hard disk drive utilizing two 30MB platters. Two years later they started selling Altair personal computers. This is when Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak became influenced and developed the Apple personal computer. Also within the same year the 5.25 in. floppy disk was introduced (Sandiego 4). Prostitution Essay The other two cards have the capability of storing thousands of times of data in the magnetic strip. They are optical memory cards (OMCs) and Smart cards. Both of them are always used in the security system of computers. However, it is not enough for just using password system and card-keys to protect the memory in the computer. A computer system also need to have a restricting program to verify